Text Page 76

Atoms, Molecules and States of Matter - does a very good job of explaining the basics of matter and the laws that govern chemical compounds and reactions.

Text Page 76

Solid, Liquid, Gas Animations - want to see what the particles of solids, liquids and gases really look like? Try these great pages:

• Matter: States of Matter - fantastic explanations, and even better graphics. Zoom in on the pictures of solids, liquids and gases for excellent animations.
• Billiards of Molecules - add energy to these particles and see what happens!

Text Page 76

Rutherford's Gold Foil Experiment - try it yourself:

• The Rutherford Experiment - a java-based interactive explanation of Rutherford's gold foil experiment.
• Rutherford's Gold Foil experiement - a flash-based step-by-step explanation of how the experiment was performed and the theory behind the results.

Aristotle - a biography. Democritus - a biography. A Brief History of Alchemy - a site explaining the confusing and mystical art of alchemy. About Alchemists - a discussion of the 2000 years of alchemy. Robert Boyle - a biography of Robert Boyle. Atomic Structure Timeline - an excellent chemistry timeline with links to all of the major players involved in the development of chemistry as we know it. The Concept of the Atom - another timeline resource. John Dalton - developer of the theory that all matter was made of tiny, indestructible particles. JJ Thomson - discoverer of electrons, without whose invention TV would be impossible! JJ Thomson speaks - a lecture (.wav audio file) on the nature of the electron.

Michael Faraday - a biography. Jons Jakob Berzelius - a biography. Chemical Achievers - an amazing collection of chem history. Dmitriy Mendeleev Online - the ultimate Mendeleev resource. William Crookes - a biography. Marie Curie and The Science of Radioactivity - a complete exhibit. Max Planck - a biography. And another one! Jean Baptiste Perrin - a biography. James Chadwick - a biography. The Nobel Prize in Chemistry: Laureates - and impressive list! A Short History of Metals - great metallurgy information.

Text Page 78

Electron - all about electrons!

Text Pages 78-79

Atomic Theory - three subatomic particles and a whole lot of empty space.

• The Atom - an overview of many of the concepts covered in science 10.
• Is the Atom Fundamental? - use the arrows in the top right corner to navigate towards the answer.

Text Page 79

The Periodic Table - the amazing elemental organizational device.

• The History of the Periodic Table - like knowing who invented the alphabet!
• Dmitriy Mendeleev - the inventor of the periodic table, from the website of Moscow State Univeristy.
• Periodic Table of the Elements - looks great, and has tons of information about each and every element.
• The Wooden Period Table - talk about taking things literally! This is a wonderful table with great collection of samples.
• The Periodic Table - a periodic table that, with a simple mouse rollover, provides plenty of information.
• The Chemicool Periodic Table - yup, it's cool.
• Visual Elements Periodic Table - HTML or Flash versions.
• Cyber-rific Periodic Table - from Bayer, this table also gives some common uses for each element.
• It's Elemental-Periodic Table - another good source of information on each element.
• Periodic Table handouts - .pdf files of various periodic tables, including one that is totally blank.
• Interactive Periodic Table - chemicalelements.com names and properties of each group and element on the periodic table.
• Interactive Periodic Table II - WebElements names and properties of each element on the periodic table.
• Modeling the Periodic Table - you and your classmates get to play Mendeleev!
• Periodic Table Tetris - how well do you know the positions of the first 12 elements?
• Elements: Basic Properties of Matter - an interactive introduction to the periodic table.
• Element Games - from Flash cards to Concentration.
• Element Math Game - tests the math behind the symbols.
• ELEMENTary, My Dear Watson - use element symbols to complete the story.
• Names and Symbols of Elements - practice your knowledge.
• The Properties of Elements - how well do you know the properties of Neon?
• Periodicity of Behaviour - electron shell diagrams of the first 18 elements.
• Element Bingo - a collection of bingo sheets designed to test the students knowledge of element symbols.
• Online Chemistry Games - great periodic table games... try level 4, I dare you!

Text Pages 79

Atomic Research - do a little elemental research!

Text Pages 79-81

Atomic number, Mass number, Atomic molar mass & Isotopes - these links clarify the differences.

• Atomic Number - the number of protons (positively charged particles) in the nucleus.
• Isotopes - an encyclopedia of information.
• What is an amu? - carbon, with an amu=12, is what all other elements are compared to.

Text Pages 83-87

The Bohr Model and What it Means - the Bohr model helps in the understanding of atoms and ions.

• How Atoms Work - to Bohr and beyond, a very well written resource.
• Arrangement of Electrons - explains how electrons arrange themselves.
• Bohr's Atom - great explanation with a very good animation.
• How Do I Make a Model of the Atom? - you can't mess up with this great step-by-step treatment.

Text Page 87

Metal Reactivity - gaining or losing electrons to form compounds can be exciting!

• Sodium and Potassium in water - these metals react vigorouly with water (QuickTime required).
• Step-by-step guide to the Sodium.Water Experiment - shows safe procedure (QuickTime required).
• When good labs go bad - testing the pH and temperature of a sodium/water reaction - a good example of a poorly planned and definitely NOT recommended procedure.
• The Reactivity of Metals - descriptions, examples and a ranking of most to least reactive metals.
• Alkali Metals and Reactivity - movies showing the increase in reactivity as we move the alkali metal family (QuickTime required).
• Reactions of Metals - a nice overview with helpful animations.

Text Pages 87-88

Valences, Ions and Molecules - losing, gaining and sharing electrons is what it is all about:

• Kapili.com: Ions - excellent summary of what an ion is, and begins to explain ionic bonding.
• Electron Arrangement of Elements - showing the arrangement of electrons in the first 10 elements.
• Valence Electrons and Chemical Bonds - illustrated examples of combining capacity.
• Lewis Diagrams for Compound Formation - showing valence electrons' interaction in compound formation, as well as elements in a periodic table layout.
• The Octet Rule - an explanation with some practice problems as well.

Text Pages 88-89

Examples of Chemical Change - look for the formation of new substances, or sometimes more subtle clues.

• What is a Chemical Reaction? - plus examples.
• Chemical Reactions - the basics.

Text Pages 89

Menthos and Cola - is this a demonstration of a chemical or physical change? Try it and find out!

Text Page 92

Ionic vs Molecular - make sure you know the difference:

• Ionic vs Covalent Bonds - an interactive comparison between ionic, non-polar covalent, and polar covalent bonds. (flash-based)
• Marvelous Molecules - an entertaining exhibit!
• Types of Chemical Bonding - good diagrams supplement explanations of basic bonding types.
• Chemical Bonding - discusses several bonding types, with excellent diagrams too.
• Chemical Bonding: An Introduction - serves as a discussion overview of the bonding types.
• Chemical Bonds: Frequently Asked Questions - get your questions answered here.

Text Pages 93-94

Properties of Substances - ionic and molecular compounds have different properties:

• Characteristics of Ionic Compounds - a nice overview.
• Conductivity - Ionic vs Covalent Compounds - theory and video (QuickTime required).
• Mixing Ionic Materials with Water - step-by-step guide examining individual water and salt molecules.
• Properties of Covalent Compounds - a list of properties common to molecular compounds.
• Comparison of Properties of Ionic and Covalent Compounds - a side-by-side comparison of properties.

Text Pages 93-107

Chemistry CD-ROMs - use these excellent CD-ROMs to learn more about atoms, bonding and naming compounds.

Text Pages 98-107

Naming Ionic Compounds - lots of tutorials and practice:

• Names and Formulas - this java-based quiz is simple, but provides lots of practice naming ionic compounds.
• Atoms Tutorial - how ions join to form compounds.
• Ionic Nomenclature - name and formula practice.
• Cations and formula names - tests your knowledge of the positive ions.
• Anions and formula names - now, see what you know of the negative ions.
• Polyatomic Ions quiz - practical examples of polyatomic ions.
• Complex Ion Experiments - choose from several experiments (QuickTime required).
• Ionic Formula Unit - the formula written with the most reduced set of subscripts for each atom.

Text Pages 109-110

Naming Molecular Compounds - more information, tutorials and practice:

• Binary Covalent Bonds - tutorial/test of naming and formulas.
• Compound Basics - a contrast between ionic and molecular compounds.
• Covalent vs Ionic Bonds - simple illustration of the fundamental differences.
• Covalent Bonding - the sharing of electrons to allow both non-metals to 'gain' electrons.
• Covalent Bonds - an animation showing the sharing of the valence electrons (as opposed to the transfer of electrons in ionic bonds)
• Electron Sharing and Covalent Bonds - an interactive explanation.

Text Page 111

Compounds Containing Hydrogen - these compounds have unique characteristics:

• Hydrogen Bonds and Water - a great multimedia explanation of hydrogen bonds in water.
• The Chemistry of Water - hydrogen bonds, "the glue of life".
• The Hydrogen Bond - the attraction much weaker than ionic or covalent bonds.
• Hydrogen Bonds - theory and some mention of biological importance.
• Polarity in Water - hydrogen bond formation in water, also seen here.
• Hydrogen Bonds - some biological effects of the hydrogen bond.
• The Secret Nature of Hydrogen Bonds - water just gets stranger and stranger.
• Acids and Bases - an introduction and glossary of terms.
• Acid Animation - a great animated discussion of the ions responsible.
• Acids, Alkalis and Neutral Substances - properties, animations and illustrations.

Text Pages 115-118

Writing and Balancing Chemical Equations - practice makes perfect!

• Interactive Tutorial on Balancing Equations - instructs and tests you along the way.
• Balancing Chemical Equations - practice in balancing equations.
• Tutorial on Balancing Chemical Equations - 'balance mystery' involving monkeys!
• Balancing Chemical Equations - another guide, with practice questions at the end.
• Balancing Chemical Reactions - from word to skeleton to balanced.
• Practice Balancing Equations - and get feedback immediately.
• Writing Word Equations - steps to write a balanced reaction from a word description.

Text Page 111

Magnesium Burning - a nice colour graphic.

Text Pages 122-131

Five Simple Types of Chemical Reactions - similar characteristics among millions of chemical changes allow scientists to classify them into groups.

• The Categories of Chemical Reactions - a review of the five reactions, plus a mention of acid/base reactions.
• Classifications of Chemical Reactions - a review.

Text Pages 122-123

Formation and Decomposition Reactions - creating compounds and breaking them up.

• Synthesis Reactions
• Sodium + Chlorine: Pass the Salt, please - formation of table salt, includes video of reaction. Part of the excellent reaction collection at Angelo State University (RealPlayer required)
• Burning Magnesium - the formation of magnesium oxide, includes a video of the reaction (QuickTime required).
• Reaction of Chlorine with Iron - the formation of iron (III) chloride, includes images of the reaction (QuickTime required).
• Burning Iron - iron burns in pure oxygen, includes a video (QuickTime required).
• Decomposition Reactions
• Electrolysis of Water - using a Hoffman apparatus, with video (QuickTime required).
• Thermal Decompositions - copper (II) carbonate decomposition.

Text Page 123

Single Replacement Reactions - A + BC --> B + AC

• Single Replacement Reactions
• Silver Nitrate + magnesium - don't blink! The video of this reaction is quick. (low bandwidth version) (QuickTime required).

Text Page 126

Double Replacement Reactions - AB + CD --> AC + BD

• Double Replacement Reactions
• Lead (II) nitrate + sodium iodide - still images of the formation of a precipitate.
• Sodium iodide + silver nitrate - formation of a precipitate (QuickTime required).

Text Pages 127-128

Neutralization - acid + base --> water + salt

• Neutralization - an 'animated' explanation of the theory behind neutralization.
• Neutralization: An Industrial Process - 98% sulfuric acid, 50% sodium hydroxide.