Text Pages 222-224

Earth Layers - check out these sites for some good graphics and explanations:

• Inside the Earth - includes printouts for labeling.
• Inside the Earth - reliable information from the USGS.
• Structure of the Earth - slice into that Earth!
• Earth's Interior - interesting radar images.
• Structure of the Earth - I didn't know the Earth was an oblate spheroid!
• Savage Earth: Earth Layers Animation - this is a gem!

Text Page 223

Rock Types - all these links discuss the three types of rock:

• Ask GeoMan: What are the 3 basic types of rocks?
• The Major Rock Types and How They Form
• Rocks and Sediments - includes rock type identification tables.

Text Pages 227-228

Geological Field Work - you can't learn about the Earth unless you do the ground work.

• Digital Geologic Maps of the Planets - OK, a little out-of-this-world, but very interesting nonetheless. Part of the USGS Astrogeology Research Program.
• USGS LandSat Project Image Gallery - you've never seen Earth like this. You may also want to try the gallery at Landsat.org.
• Canada Centre for Remote Sensing - lots to learn, especially at the Imagery & Sensors section.
• Olympus Mons - remote sensing works for Mars too! Here's a great 3D image.
• NASA Goddard Space Flight Center: Earth Science - a fantastic resource.

Text Page 228

Eruptions of Mount St. Helens: Past, Present, and Future - the ultimate Mt. St. Helens resource.

Text Page 228

Mt. Etna - a vivid satellite image example of the usefulness of remote sensing.

Text Page 230

Examine P and S waves moving through Earth's interior - control this simulator and watch the waves.

Text Pages 230-231

• Making Waves - press the button and watch the waves!
• Body waves inside the earth - as evidence of earthquake origin.
• What Is Seismology? What Are Seismic Waves? - very good diagrams.

Text Page 232

Volcanology - studying volcanoes:

• Volcanoes - Can We Predict Volcanic Eruptions? - a wonderful site with several movies (QuickTime) that allow the visitor to experience volcanic eruptions. Has sections on melting rocks, dynamic Earth, hazards, forecasting, coping with risk - a must visit!
• USGS Volcano Resources - the United States Geological Survey produces several outstanding publications that have been made available on the web, they are: Volcanoes, Monitoring Active Volcanoes, Volcanoes of the United States, Eruptions of Hawaiian Volcanoes.
• Volcano Observatories - get the very latest volcano information from sites arond the planet that monitor "hot zones" of volcanic activity - Cascades, Alaska, Hawaii, Space Science Engineering Center Satellite Images of active volcanoes.
• Magma, Lava, Lava Flows, Lava Lakes, etc. - from the USGS, did they leave anything out?
• What happens when lava hits ice? - it isn't pretty.

Text Pages 234-235

Geologic Time Scale - a close look at Earth's timeline:

• Geologic Time Scale - a great chart with many imbedded links.
• Web Geological Time Machine - see you in the precambrian!
• Geologic Time - how is it measured?
• The Praghian Age? - this page has a large, detailed geologic time scale available for download.
• How Do Scientists Measure Earth Age? - three primary methods.
• The Geologic Time Scale in Historical Perspective - who started this method?

Text Page 236

Organisms in the Geologic Record - you can learn a lot from fossils:

• Dating Fossils - explains the basics of how scientists determine the age of fossils.
• Horse Evolution - click the horse origin link to follow the interesting story.
• Fossils, Rocks and Time - a good overview web publication that describes the basics of fossils and how they fit into Earth's history.
• The Royal Tyrrell Museum - it would be great to visit the actual museum, but if you can't, come to the web site instead.

Text Pages 238-240

What Stories Do Rocks Tell? - a wonderful step-by-step journey that employs many geologic prinicples to explain the stories that rocks tell.

Text Pages 242-244

Radioactive Decay and Half Life - useful tools for absolute dating.

• Radioactivity: Basic Types - learn more about the particles involved in decay.
• Radiation: Half-Life - this page comes with a good animated graph.
• Half-life - a good description and example.

Text Pages 246-256

Theory of Continental Drift - continents on the move.

• On the Move... Continental Drift and Plate Tectonics - an excellent page that discusses evidence supporting continental drift (with some info on Alfred Wegener), NASA's role in investigating continental drift, and why it's all important!
• Continental Drift Animation - be patient and you will see an excellent animation (just hit the refresh button on your browser if you want to view it repeatedly). Part of a whole series of great tectonics animations hosted at the Museum of Paleontology at Berkely.
• Historical Perspective - a good page from the USGS that explains the changes in the Earth's crust over time. Also has links to informative pages on the Earth's crust, what a tectonic plate is, Alfred Wegener, and fossil evidence.
• Continental Drift - a simple but informative page on continental drift and the Earth's crust.
• This Dynamic Earth: the Story of Plate Tectonics - another great USGS site that does a comprehensive job covering plate tectonics.
• Intro to Plate Tectonics - contains excellent animations of plate movements and what occurs at plate boundaries. You should also check out the links at the bottom of the main page, they describe some interesting history regarding plate tectonic research.
• Rocky Mountain System - this page explains how the Rocky Mountains were raised.
• NASA Interactive Pangea Map - try your hand at labeling the 60 million year old. Then try the word search and the quiz!
• Juan de Fuca Volcanics - excellent information on subduction of the Juan de Fuca plate.
• An Introduction to Plate Tectonics - the story of how the theory developed and was eventually accepted.
• Deconstructing Pangaea - use your mouse to tear those continents apart!
• Paleomap - excellent animations and graphics of plate tectonics, Pangaea (past and future), and geological processes (free downloads available!)

Text Page 252

Magnetic Striping - very interesting geological evidence:

• Geology of Olymipic National Park - magnetic patterns can mean alot.
• Developing the Theory - the role of magnetic striping in continental drift theory is huge.
• Magnetic Striping - a short and clear explanation.

Text Pages 258-261

Volcanoes - these links explode and spew information!

• How Volcanoes Work - an excellent description of volcanoes and volcano types. Don't miss the simulation page!
• Global Volcanism Program - a terrific resource that has volcanic activity reports, volcanoes of the world, and much more.
• Volcano World - a childish interface, but still very useful - includes volcano of the week, ask a volcanologist, volcano adventures and more. Best feature? Current eruptions.
• Pompeii: Unraveling Ancient Mysteries - a good page with animations and descriptions that uncover some of the mysteries of Pompeii.
• Savage Earth: Hell's Crust - a fantastic video, get ordering information here. This site has a great preview in QuickTime, and a very cool volcano animation.
• Volcano Field Trip - a complete online volcano study! Take down the questions on the first page, then take the tour to find the answers!
• Alaska Volcano Observatory - you can email in your volcano questions, as well as getting excellent photo updates on the Augustine volcano eruptions.

Text Pages 263-265

Earthquakes - these resources really shake, rattle and roll!

• Earthquake Facts and Follies - devoted to dispelling some of the misconceptions about earthquakes, from the Center for Earthquake Research.
• National Earthquake Hazards Program - information regarding earthquake activity in Western Canada. Includes sections historic earthquakes, recent earthquakes, seismic data, and excellent information pages: FAQs, plate tectonics, earthquake preparedness, and more!
• About Earthquakes - some detailed information about earthquake causes and phenomena, especially in the "Lectures" section; from the Nevada Seismological Laboratory.
• How Earthquakes Work - great set of pages describing earthquake science.
• Earthquake Globe - locations of earthquakes on a rotating globe.
• Virtual Earthquake - virtual earthquake, a simulated seismogram.

Text Page 265

Amazing Animations - watch and learn!

• Savage Earth - amazing! A terrific series of animations, covers earthquakes, volcanoes, tsunamis and more!
• Our Restless Planet - large animation files, but well worth the download wait - fantastic! Most require the QuickTime plug-in.